Problem Links:
poj3517,
Problem:
And Then There Was One
| Time Limit: 5000MS | Memory Limit: 65536K | |
| Total Submissions: 3173 | Accepted: 1587 |
Description
Let’s play a stone removing game.
Initially, n stones are arranged on a circle and numbered 1, …, n clockwise (Figure 1). You are also given two numbers k and m. From this state, remove stones one by one following the rules explained below, until only one remains. In step 1, remove stone m. In step 2, locate the k-th next stone clockwise from m and remove it. In subsequent steps, start from the slot of the stone removed in the last step, make k hops clockwise on the remaining stones and remove the one you reach. In other words, skip (k − 1) remaining stones clockwise and remove the next one. Repeat this until only one stone is left and answer its number. For example, the answer for the case n = 8, k = 5, m = 3 is 1, as shown in Figure 1.
 Initial state |  Step 1 |  Step 2 |  Step 3 |  Step 4 |
 Step 5 |  Step 6 |  Step 7 |  Final state |
Figure 1: An example game
Initial state: Eight stones are arranged on a circle.
Step 1: Stone 3 is removed since m = 3.
Step 2: You start from the slot that was occupied by stone 3. You skip four stones 4, 5, 6 and 7 (since k = 5), and remove the next one, which is 8.
Step 3: You skip stones 1, 2, 4 and 5, and thus remove 6. Note that you only count stones that are still on the circle and ignore those already removed. Stone 3 is ignored in this case.
Steps 4–7: You continue until only one stone is left. Notice that in later steps when only a few stones remain, the same stone may be skipped multiple times. For example, stones 1 and 4 are skipped twice in step 7.
Final State: Finally, only one stone, 1, is on the circle. This is the final state, so the answer is 1.
Input
The input consists of multiple datasets each of which is formatted as follows.
n k m
The last dataset is followed by a line containing three zeros. Numbers in a line are separated by a single space. A dataset satisfies the following conditions.
2 ≤ n ≤ 10000, 1 ≤ k ≤ 10000, 1 ≤ m ≤ n
The number of datasets is less than 100.
Output
For each dataset, output a line containing the stone number left in the final state. No extra characters such as spaces should appear in the output.
Sample Input
8 5 3
100 9999 98
10000 10000 10000
0 0 0
Sample Output
1
93
2019
Source
Japan 2007
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
更简单一些，就是先求出n-1的解，再进行一次类似旋转的操作（即：（f（n-1）+m+1+n）%n），即可得到解；
/*约瑟夫问题的数学方法
无论是用链表实现还是用数组实现都有一个共同点：要模拟整个游戏过程，不仅程序写起来比较烦，而且时间复杂度高达O(nm)，当n，m非常大(例如上百万，上千万)的时候，几乎是没有办法在短时间内出结果的。我们注意到原问题仅仅是要求出最后的胜利者的序号，而不是要读者模拟整个过程。因此如果要追求效率，就要打破常规，实施一点数学策略。
为了讨论方便，先把问题稍微改变一下，并不影响原意：
问题描述：n个人（编号0~(n-1))，从0开始报数，报到(m-1)的退出，剩下的人继续从0开始报数。求胜利者的编号。
我们知道第一个人(编号一定是m%n-1) 出列之后，剩下的n-1个人组成了一个新的约瑟夫环（以编号为k=m%n的人开始）:
k k+1 k+2 ... n-2, n-1, 0, 1, 2, ... k-2
并且从k开始报0。
现在我们把他们的编号做一下转换：
k --> 0
k+1 --> 1
k+2 --> 2
...
...
k-2 --> n-2
k-1 --> n-1
变换后就完完全全成为了(n-1)个人报数的子问题，假如我们知道这个子问题的解：例如x是最终的胜利者，那么根据上面这个表把这个x变回去不刚好就是n个人情况的解吗？！！变回去的公式很简单，相信大家都可以推出来：x'=(x+k)%n
如何知道(n-1)个人报数的问题的解？对，只要知道(n-2)个人的解就行了。(n-2)个人的解呢？当然是先求(n-3)的情况 ---- 这显然就是一个倒推问题！好了，思路出来了，下面写递推公式：
令f[i]表示i个人玩游戏报m退出最后胜利者的编号，最后的结果自然是f[n]
递推公式
f[1]=0;
f[i]=(f[i-1]+m)%i; (i>1)
有了这个公式，我们要做的就是从1-n顺序算出f[i]的数值，最后结果是f[n]。因为实际生活中编号总是从1开始，我们输出f[n]+1
由于是逐级递推，不需要保存每个f[i]，程序也是异常简单：
这个算法的时间复杂度为O(n)，相对于模拟算法已经有了很大的提高。算n，m等于一百万，一千万的情况不是问题了。可见，适当地运用数学策略，不仅可以让编程变得简单，而且往往会成倍地提高算法执行效率。
Source Code:
[sourcecode language="cpp" collapse="true" padlinenumbers="true"]
////////2008-04-08;
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10001];
int m,n,k;
while(scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&k,&m)==3&&(n+m+k)>0)
{
int i;
a[1]=0;
for(i=2;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=(a[i-1]+k)%i;
}
printf("%d\n",(a[n-1]+n+m+1)%n);
}
return 0;
}
[/sourcecode]
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